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In social psychology, pluralistic ignorance is a situation in which a majority of group members privately reject a norm, but incorrectly assume that most others accept it, and therefore go along with it.〔Katz, Daniel, and Floyd H. Allport. 1931. Student Attitudes. Syracuse, N.Y.: Craftsman〕 This is also described as "no one believes, but everyone thinks that everyone believes." In short, pluralistic ignorance is a bias about a social group, held by a social group.〔Krech, David, and Richard S. Crutchfield. 1948. Theory and Problems of Social Psychology. New York: McGraw-Hill〕 Pluralistic ignorance may help to explain the bystander effect.〔Kitts, James A. 2003. "Egocentric Bias or Information Management? Selective Disclosure and the Social Roots of Norm Misperception." Social Psychology Quarterly 66 (3): 222–37.〕 If no-one acts, onlookers may believe others believe action is incorrect, and may therefore themselves refrain from acting. ==Research== Prentice and Miller〔Prentice, Deborah A.; Miller, Dale T. (1993), "Pluralistic Ignorance and Alcohol Use on Campus: Some Consequences of Misperceiving the Social Norm", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (American Psychological Association) 64 (2): 243–256, doi:10.1037/0022-3514.64.2.243, ISSN 0022-3514, PMID 8433272〕 found that, on average, private levels of comfort with drinking practices on campus were much lower than the perceived average. In the case of men, they found a shifting of private attitudes toward this perceived norm, a form of cognitive dissonance. Women, on the other hand, were found to have an increased sense of alienation on the campus but lacked the attitude change detected in men, presumably because norms related to alcohol consumption on campus are much more central for men than for women. Research has shown that pluralistic ignorance plagues not only those who indulge, but also those who abstain: from gambling, smoking and drinking and among some who follow vegetarianism.〔Schank, R. L. 1932. "A Study of Community and Its Group Institutions Conceived of as Behavior of Individuals." Psychological Monographs 43 (2): 1–133〕 The latter has found that Pluralistic Ignorance can be caused by the structure of the underlying social network, not cognitive dissonance. The theory of pluralistic ignorance was studied by Daniel Katz. He produced classic studies of racial stereotyping and prejudice, and attitude change, and his pursuit of the connections between individual psychology and social systems helped to found the field of organizational psychology. An important methodological contribution was his open system theory, presented in ''The Social Psychology of Organizations'', which was co-authored by Robert L. Kahn. He has co-written and published books and articles besides ''The Social Psychology of Organizations'', such as ''Productivity, Supervision, and Morale Among Railroad Workers''. Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann, in her Spiral of silence theory, argued that media biases lead to pluralistic ignorance.〔Noelle-Neumann, Elisabeth 1993. The Spiral of Silence: Public Opinion – Our Social Skin (2nd ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「pluralistic ignorance」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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